When nuclear fission was discovered near the end of 1938, it was a totally unanticipated phenomenon. It had been known for decades that an enormous energy was bound up in the atomic nucleus, but there were no clear paths toward gaining experimental, let alone practical, access to that energy. However, the nucleus had already been under intense study throughout the 1930s, as physicists and chemists catalogued the various radioactive elements and their behaviors, came to understand the sources of stability of the nuclei of various isotopes, and transmuted elements by bomarbing them with the newly-discovered neutron and with alpha particles.
http://www.aip.org/history/acap/topics/fission.jsp - Raecelynn Besa
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